# Azure IoT Hub and AI Pipeline

**Last updated:** 2026-02
**Status:** GA
**Category:** Hybrid Cloud & Edge AI

---

## Introduksjon

Azure IoT Hub er Microsofts sentrale PaaS-tjeneste for toveiskommunikasjon mellom IoT-enheter og skyen. Kombinert med Azure Stream Analytics for sanntidsanalyse og Azure Machine Learning for modelltrening og -scoring, danner IoT Hub kjernen i en enhetlig AI-pipeline fra enhet til innsikt.

For norsk offentlig sektor er denne arkitekturen relevant for scenarioer som smart veginfrastruktur (sanntidsmaling av trafikk og veiforhold), bygg-automatisering (energistyring i offentlige bygninger), miljooverkaking (luft- og vannkvalitet), og prediktiv vedlikehold av kritisk infrastruktur. IoT Hub gir sikker enhetstilkobling, mens Stream Analytics prosesserer data i sanntid, og Azure ML scorer modeller for prediktive innsikter.

Arkitekturen skalerer fra hundrevis til millioner av enheter, med innebygd stoette for meldingsruting, device twins for konfigurasjonstyring, og enkel integrasjon med Azure-dataplatformen (Fabric, Event Hub, Cosmos DB) for langsiktig analyse.

---

## Kjernekomponenter

| Komponent | Formal | Teknologi |
|-----------|--------|-----------|
| Azure IoT Hub | Sentral enhetskommunikasjon og -styring | PaaS |
| Azure Stream Analytics | Sanntids stromprosessering | SQL-basert |
| Azure Machine Learning | Modelltrening og online scoring | ML Platform |
| Event Hub | Hoyvolum meldingsinntak | Event streaming |
| Azure Cosmos DB | Sanntids operasjonell database | NoSQL |
| Azure Data Lake / Fabric | Langsiktig dataanalyse | Analytics |
| Power BI | Sanntids dashboards | Visualisering |
| IoT Edge | Lokal prosessering pa enheter | Container runtime |

---

## Device-to-Hub Data Flow

### Arkitektur for enhet-til-sky-dataflyt

```
┌──────────┐     ┌──────────┐     ┌──────────────┐
│ Sensorer │────→│ IoT Edge │────→│  IoT Hub     │
│ (MQTT)   │     │ Gateway  │     │              │
└──────────┘     └──────────┘     │  - Routing   │
                                  │  - Enrichment│
┌──────────┐                      │  - Twin mgmt │
│ Direkte  │─────────────────────→│              │
│ enheter  │                      └──────┬───────┘
│ (AMQP)   │                             │
└──────────┘                   ┌─────────┼─────────┐
                               ↓         ↓         ↓
                        ┌──────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐
                        │ Stream   │ │ Event  │ │ Cosmos │
                        │ Analytics│ │ Hub    │ │ DB     │
                        └──────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘
                               ↓         ↓         ↓
                        ┌──────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐
                        │ Azure ML │ │ Fabric │ │ Power  │
                        │ Scoring  │ │        │ │ BI     │
                        └──────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘
```

### IoT Hub meldingsruting

```json
// IoT Hub meldingsruting for AI pipeline
{
  "routes": [
    {
      "name": "realtime-to-stream-analytics",
      "source": "DeviceMessages",
      "condition": "temperature > 0 OR vibration > 0",
      "endpointNames": ["stream-analytics-endpoint"],
      "isEnabled": true
    },
    {
      "name": "anomalies-to-event-hub",
      "source": "DeviceMessages",
      "condition": "$body.alert = 'anomaly'",
      "endpointNames": ["anomaly-event-hub"],
      "isEnabled": true
    },
    {
      "name": "all-data-to-storage",
      "source": "DeviceMessages",
      "condition": "true",
      "endpointNames": ["datalake-storage"],
      "isEnabled": true
    },
    {
      "name": "device-lifecycle-to-cosmos",
      "source": "DeviceLifecycleEvents",
      "condition": "true",
      "endpointNames": ["cosmos-db-endpoint"],
      "isEnabled": true
    }
  ]
}
```

### Enhetstilkobling med Python SDK

```python
# IoT-enhet sender sensordata til IoT Hub
from azure.iot.device import IoTHubDeviceClient, Message
import json
import time

class SensorDevice:
    def __init__(self, connection_string: str):
        self.client = IoTHubDeviceClient.create_from_connection_string(
            connection_string
        )
        self.client.connect()

    def send_telemetry(self, sensor_data: dict):
        """Send sensordata med metadata for ruting"""
        message = Message(
            json.dumps(sensor_data),
            content_encoding="utf-8",
            content_type="application/json"
        )

        # Egendefinerte properties for meldingsruting
        message.custom_properties["sensorType"] = sensor_data.get("type", "unknown")
        message.custom_properties["location"] = sensor_data.get("location", "unknown")

        # Sett prioritet for anomalier
        if sensor_data.get("alert"):
            message.custom_properties["priority"] = "high"

        self.client.send_message(message)

    def start_continuous_telemetry(self, interval_seconds: int = 10):
        """Kontinuerlig sending av sensordata"""
        while True:
            data = self.read_sensors()
            self.send_telemetry(data)
            time.sleep(interval_seconds)

    def read_sensors(self) -> dict:
        """Les sensorverdier (simulert)"""
        import random
        return {
            "timestamp": time.time(),
            "temperature": random.uniform(18.0, 25.0),
            "humidity": random.uniform(30.0, 70.0),
            "vibration": random.uniform(0.0, 5.0),
            "type": "environment",
            "location": "building-A-floor-2"
        }
```

---

## Stream Processing for AI

### Azure Stream Analytics for IoT AI

```sql
-- Sanntids anomalideteksjon med Stream Analytics
-- Kombinerer sensordata med ML-scoring

-- Query 1: Glidende statistikk per enhet
WITH DeviceStats AS (
    SELECT
        IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId AS DeviceId,
        System.Timestamp() AS WindowEnd,
        AVG(temperature) AS AvgTemp,
        STDEV(temperature) AS StdTemp,
        MIN(temperature) AS MinTemp,
        MAX(temperature) AS MaxTemp,
        COUNT(*) AS ReadingCount
    FROM
        IoTHubInput TIMESTAMP BY EventProcessedUtcTime
    GROUP BY
        IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId,
        SlidingWindow(minute, 10)
)

-- Query 2: Anomalideteksjon med statistisk terskel
SELECT
    ds.DeviceId,
    ds.WindowEnd,
    ds.AvgTemp,
    ds.StdTemp,
    CASE
        WHEN ds.AvgTemp > (ref.NormalAvg + 3 * ref.NormalStd) THEN 'HIGH_ANOMALY'
        WHEN ds.AvgTemp > (ref.NormalAvg + 2 * ref.NormalStd) THEN 'WARNING'
        WHEN ds.AvgTemp < (ref.NormalAvg - 3 * ref.NormalStd) THEN 'LOW_ANOMALY'
        ELSE 'NORMAL'
    END AS Status,
    ref.DeviceName,
    ref.Location
INTO
    AnomalyOutput
FROM
    DeviceStats ds
    JOIN ReferenceData ref ON ds.DeviceId = ref.DeviceId
WHERE
    ds.ReadingCount >= 5  -- Minst 5 malinger for palitelighet

-- Query 3: Dataaggregering for ML-trening
SELECT
    IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId AS DeviceId,
    System.Timestamp() AS WindowEnd,
    AVG(temperature) AS AvgTemp,
    AVG(humidity) AS AvgHumidity,
    AVG(vibration) AS AvgVibration,
    STDEV(vibration) AS StdVibration,
    MAX(vibration) AS PeakVibration,
    COUNT(*) AS SampleCount
INTO
    MLTrainingOutput
FROM
    IoTHubInput TIMESTAMP BY EventProcessedUtcTime
GROUP BY
    IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId,
    TumblingWindow(hour, 1)
```

### Stream Analytics med innebygd anomalideteksjon

```sql
-- Bruk innebygd AnomalyDetection-funksjon
SELECT
    IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId AS DeviceId,
    temperature,
    AnomalyDetection_SpikeAndDip(
        temperature,
        95,  -- Konfidensniaa
        120, -- Vindusstoorrelse
        'spikesanddips'
    ) OVER (
        PARTITION BY IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId
        LIMIT DURATION(minute, 120)
    ) AS AnomalyResult
INTO
    AnomalyAlertOutput
FROM
    IoTHubInput TIMESTAMP BY EventProcessedUtcTime
```

---

## Real-Time Model Scoring

### Azure ML Online Endpoint for IoT-scoring

```python
# Azure ML endpoint for sanntids IoT-scoring
from azure.ai.ml import MLClient
from azure.ai.ml.entities import (
    ManagedOnlineEndpoint,
    ManagedOnlineDeployment,
    Model
)
from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential

def deploy_iot_scoring_endpoint(ml_client: MLClient):
    """Deploy sanntids scoring-endpoint for IoT-data"""

    # Opprett endpoint
    endpoint = ManagedOnlineEndpoint(
        name="iot-anomaly-scoring",
        auth_mode="key",
        description="Anomalideteksjon for IoT-sensordata"
    )
    ml_client.online_endpoints.begin_create_or_update(endpoint).result()

    # Deploy modell
    deployment = ManagedOnlineDeployment(
        name="anomaly-v1",
        endpoint_name="iot-anomaly-scoring",
        model=Model(path="./models/anomaly_model.pkl"),
        code_configuration={
            "code": "./scoring",
            "scoring_script": "score.py"
        },
        instance_type="Standard_DS3_v2",
        instance_count=2,  # Redundans for palitelighet
        environment="azureml:sklearn-1.0:1"
    )
    ml_client.online_deployments.begin_create_or_update(deployment).result()
```

### Scoring-script for IoT-data

```python
# score.py — Azure ML scoring-script for IoT
import json
import joblib
import numpy as np

def init():
    global model
    model = joblib.load("model/anomaly_model.pkl")

def run(raw_data):
    """Score IoT-sensordata mot prediktiv modell"""
    data = json.loads(raw_data)

    features = np.array([[
        data["avg_temperature"],
        data["avg_humidity"],
        data["avg_vibration"],
        data["std_vibration"],
        data["peak_vibration"],
        data["sample_count"]
    ]])

    prediction = model.predict(features)[0]
    probability = model.predict_proba(features)[0]

    return json.dumps({
        "device_id": data["device_id"],
        "prediction": int(prediction),
        "failure_probability": float(max(probability)),
        "recommendation": (
            "SCHEDULE_MAINTENANCE" if prediction == 1
            else "NORMAL_OPERATION"
        ),
        "scored_at": data.get("window_end")
    })
```

### Stream Analytics integrert med Azure ML

```sql
-- Kall Azure ML endpoint fra Stream Analytics
WITH ScoringInput AS (
    SELECT
        IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId AS device_id,
        System.Timestamp() AS window_end,
        AVG(temperature) AS avg_temperature,
        AVG(humidity) AS avg_humidity,
        AVG(vibration) AS avg_vibration,
        STDEV(vibration) AS std_vibration,
        MAX(vibration) AS peak_vibration,
        COUNT(*) AS sample_count
    FROM IoTHubInput
    TIMESTAMP BY EventProcessedUtcTime
    GROUP BY
        IoTHub.ConnectionDeviceId,
        TumblingWindow(minute, 15)
)
SELECT
    si.*,
    ml.prediction,
    ml.failure_probability,
    ml.recommendation
INTO MaintenanceOutput
FROM ScoringInput si
CROSS APPLY AzureMLEndpoint(si) AS ml
WHERE ml.failure_probability > 0.5
```

---

## Scaling Hybrid Ingestion

### Skaleringsarkitektur

| Skala | Enheter | IoT Hub SKU | Stream Analytics SU | Anbefaling |
|-------|---------|-------------|--------------------|----|
| Liten | < 1 000 | S1 (1 enhet) | 6 SU | Standard oppsett |
| Medium | 1 000 - 100 000 | S2 (2 enheter) | 12-24 SU | Partisjonering |
| Stor | 100 000 - 1M | S3 (10 enheter) | 48+ SU | Event Hub routing |
| Enterprise | > 1M | S3 + Event Hub | Dedikert klynge | Multi-hub-arkitektur |

### Hybrid skalering med edge-forbehandling

```python
# Hybrid skaleringsmonster: Edge reduserer skylast
class HybridScalingConfig:
    """Konfigurasjon for hybrid edge-sky skalering"""

    @staticmethod
    def calculate_cloud_load(
        total_devices: int,
        messages_per_device_per_hour: int,
        edge_aggregation_ratio: float = 0.1  # 10% av data sendes til sky
    ) -> dict:
        """Beregn skylast med edge-forbehandling"""

        raw_messages = total_devices * messages_per_device_per_hour
        cloud_messages = int(raw_messages * edge_aggregation_ratio)
        bandwidth_reduction = 1 - edge_aggregation_ratio

        # IoT Hub dimensjonering
        messages_per_day = cloud_messages * 24
        if messages_per_day < 400_000:
            iot_hub_sku = "S1 (1 enhet)"
        elif messages_per_day < 6_000_000:
            iot_hub_sku = "S2 (1 enhet)"
        else:
            units = (messages_per_day // 6_000_000) + 1
            iot_hub_sku = f"S2 ({units} enheter)"

        return {
            "total_devices": total_devices,
            "raw_messages_per_hour": raw_messages,
            "cloud_messages_per_hour": cloud_messages,
            "bandwidth_reduction": f"{bandwidth_reduction*100:.0f}%",
            "iot_hub_sku": iot_hub_sku,
            "estimated_monthly_cost_nok": cloud_messages * 24 * 30 * 0.001
        }
```

---

## Norsk offentlig sektor

### Relevante bruksomrader

| Sektor | Use Case | Enheter | AI-modell |
|--------|----------|---------|-----------|
| Samferdsel | Veisensor-nettverket | ~5 000 | Trafikk-prediksjon, vintervedlikehold |
| Energi | Smart bygg-styring | ~10 000/bygg | Energi-optimalisering |
| Miljoe | Luft/vann-kvalitet | ~500 stasjoner | Forurensnings-varsling |
| Helse | Utstyrsovervaking | ~1 000/sykehus | Prediktiv vedlikehold |
| Kyst | Maritime sensorer | ~2 000 | Vaer-prediksjon, sikkerhet |

### Sikkerhetskrav

- IoT Hub-endepunkt i Norway East
- TLS 1.2+ for all enhetskommunikasjon
- X.509-sertifikater for enhetsautentisering
- DPS (Device Provisioning Service) for automatisk registrering
- NSM-kompatibel nettverkssegmentering

---

## Beslutningsrammeverk

| Scenario | Anbefaling | Begrunnelse |
|----------|------------|-------------|
| < 1 000 enheter, enkel analyse | IoT Hub S1 + Stream Analytics | Lavest kostnad og kompleksitet |
| Sanntids ML-scoring | Stream Analytics + Azure ML endpoint | Integrert ML-scoring i strom |
| Hoeyvolum med edge-forbehandling | IoT Edge + IoT Hub S2/S3 | Redusert skylast og kostnad |
| Langsiktig analyse | IoT Hub + Event Hub + Fabric | Skalerbar historisk analyse |
| Prediktiv vedlikehold | Full pipeline med retraining loop | Kontinuerlig modellforbedring |
| Anomalideteksjon | Stream Analytics innebygd anomali | Raskest a implementere |

---

## For Cosmo

- **IoT Hub + Stream Analytics + Azure ML er den kanoniske AI-pipeline for IoT** — anbefal denne treledds-arkitekturen som standard for alle IoT-AI-scenarier i offentlig sektor
- **Edge-forbehandling reduserer skylast med 90%+** — la IoT Edge aggregere og filtrere data for sensordata sendes til sky, noe som dramatisk reduserer baade kostnader og bandbreddekrav
- **Stream Analytics innebygde anomalideteksjon er raskest a implementere** — bruk AnomalyDetection_SpikeAndDip-funksjonen for rask oppstart for du bygger egne ML-modeller
- **Azure ML Online Endpoints gir sanntids scoring fra Stream Analytics** — bruk CROSS APPLY med AzureMLEndpoint-funksjonen for a integrere avansert ML direkte i strom-prosessering
- **For norsk offentlig sektor: Dimensjoner IoT Hub-kapasitet basert pa cloud-meldinger etter edge-aggregering** — med 90% edge-reduksjon kan selv store sensornettverk klare seg med S1/S2-tieren
